Sabtu, 09 Juni 2012

Gulungan Naskah Laut Mati

Gulungan Naskah Laut Mati memang merupakan temuan yang tak ternilai. Suatu benda peninggalan dua ribu tahun lebih yang memuat banyak dokumen penting sejarah (terutama kisah dari zaman para Nabi). Naskah kuno itu juga memuat kode-kode rahasia yang belum terpecahkan seluruhnya.
Para ahli sebelumnya sudah menemukan bukti tentang beberapa kitab salinan Yahudi berbahasa Hebrew yang ditulis pada masa sesudah Masehi (kira-kira 1.300 tahun lalu).
Namun Gulungan Naskah Laut Mati berdasarkan uji karbon yang dilakukan para ahli dari Chicago, AS, menunjukkan material yang digunakan sebagai media penulisan naskah itu disimpulkan dari masa 200-an tahun sebelum Masehi.

Para peneliti menemukan naskah yang belum terindentifikasi di antara Gulungan Naskah Laut Mati itu. Teks yang tak terbaca itu dianggap sebagai Gulungan Naskah Biara (Temple Scroll) yang memuat peraturan dan hukum dalam Pentateuch yang dikenal sebagai bagian dari lima kitab pertama dalam Bibel Hebrew dan Perjanjian Lama. Termasuk di dalamnya Kitab Disiplin Community Rule yang mendeskripsikan bagimana komunitas itu yang bertempat di Qumran mengorganisir kehidupan spiritualnya. Lalu ada bagian yang memaparkan tentang Jalan Keselamatan (The Way) dan pertempuran antara Putra Cahaya (Son of Light) melawan Putra Kegelapan (Son of Darkness), yang berisi rencana detail perang penghabisan yang dinantikan komunitas Qumran.


Gulungan Naskah lainnya berisi soal berbagai doa, kidung pujian, komentar-komentar tentang bagian-bagian Bibel, legenda, ramalan, argumentasi reliji, dan berbagai kisah yang tak diketahui yang berhubungan dengan karakter yang tercantum dalam Bibel Hebrew.


Khirbet Qumran
Para ahli arkeologi menemukan sebuah situs biara yang berjarak kira-kira 540 meter dari lubang gua pertama ditemukannya Gulungan Naskah Laut Mati. Mereka mengidentifikasinya sebagai Biara Khirbet Qumran.
Khirbet Qumran ini adalah satu komunitas sekte yang sangat ketat mengikuti ajaran para Nabi di zaman sebelum Jesus Kristus. Mereka cenderung mengucilkan diri dari kehidupan sosial dan menekuni isi kitab-kitab Perjanjian Lama, hidup dengan penuh pengabdian pada sektenya, merapal doa, beribadah dan menyalin kitab-kitab tua.
Di situs biara ini ditemukan benda-benda yang berkaitan dengan tulis menulis. Diantaranya ditemukan 2 buah pot tinta, beberapa stylus (alat tulis jaman purba semacam pulpen yang dibuat dari potongan tulang, batu, atau material khusus), dan sebuah guci yang persis sama dengan guci yang ditemukan di gua tempat penyimpanan Gulungan Naskah Laut Mati.
Berdasarkan penelitian dan uji laboratorium, benda-benda kuno ini dibuat sekitar tahun 68 Masehi. Dalam salah satu perkamen naskah dituliskan bahwa saat itu Legiun Kekaisaran Romawi menguasai wilayah Barat Laut Mati (saat ini Palestina dan Israel). Para pendeta di biara tersebut sempat menyembunyikan beberapa naskah ke dalam gua di tepian Laut Mati.
Sebagian besar dokumen ditulis dengan bahasa Hebrew (Ibrani-Yahudi) bahkan ada dokumen yang disamarkan begitu kecil sampai sebesar perangko. Lalu ada juga yang dituliskan dalam aksara Yunani Kuno (Septuagint).
Temuan di sekitar biara dan teritori Qumran ini ada sekitar 500-an kitab, termasuk bagian kitab Perjanjian Lama. Namun tak dapat dipastikan apakah mereka berhubungan dengan sekte Essenes, Yahudi Kuno, dan Pengikut Yesus Kristus (Kristen). Semua masih tetap misteri.

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